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考研英語長難句 考研英語難，難在何處？難在句子太長，結構太復雜。其實，萬變不離其宗，總有章法可循。 第一部分 長難句基本句型 近幾年，考研英語出現了很多長難句。長難句的形成主要通過以下四種方式：復合從句、成分省略、使用插入語和改變句序。這四種方式往往可以相互結合，從而形成更長的難句。雖然形成長難句之方法有四，但是目的卻只有一個，就是打斷和打亂考生正常的閱讀習慣和思維習慣，從而達到考察考生閱讀能力和翻譯能力的目標。 一、復合從句 復合從句中的從句最常見的是定語從句。復合從句可分為簡單復合從句和復雜復合從句。本文將分詞作狀語和定語也歸入從句范疇，當作一種更為靈活的從句形式。 （一）簡單復合從句 簡單復合從句可以分為套用從句和并列從句兩種。套用從句，其實是最簡單的長難句。這類句子就像一根鎖鏈，只要抓住句子的各個連接點，理出句子層次，就完全可以把握住。 在翻譯定語從句時，“這（些/個）”常用來作為拆分句子的必用手段。閱讀時，定語從句一般可以跳過，實在不放心可以略讀。一般情況下，考研通常不會在這種從句中有出題點。 并列從句大致有四種情況：并列從句修飾主語、謂語和賓語。也就是說并列從句一般作定語或狀語。其實，并列從句和并列短語在語法功能上完全相同，只不過并列從句一般較長，會使考生在閱讀中漸忘句子結構。 并列從句修飾主語，就是說并列從句作狀語。這種句子很簡單。翻譯時，可以直譯，把從句作定語，直接放在主語前面。如果從句很長，可以使用復指代詞。另外，翻譯從句先行詞時，要注意詞性的轉換，比如hope/ suggest之類的詞有名動兩種譯法?？忌屑删杏谠~性。 并列從句修飾謂語就是說這些從句作狀語。一般情況下，這些從句都不完整，多為現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語。事實上，現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語作狀語或者定語，都可以看作是從句的一種更加靈活的表達方式。 并列從句修飾賓語。賓語有兩種，一種是單純賓語，另一種是介賓結構中的準賓語。單純賓語指在句中作賓語成分；準賓語指在介詞后面的賓語。 并列從句修飾單純賓語的句子結構很清晰，閱讀難度不大，但翻譯有些難度。并列從句修飾準賓語的就比較難了。因為后面有很長的介詞短語會使考生在閱讀中忘記句子前面的意思。（二）復雜復合從句 復雜復合從句，就是說這些句子不是單純的復合從句。復雜復合從句主要是因為句子中出現省略，插入和倒裝等形式，從而加大了句子的難度。這也是考研英語為了加大難度常用的方式。在復雜復合從句中出現的省略一般主要是語法省略，語用省略一般很少。出現插入語，其實是指這些詞或短語的插入，使句子語法成分的聯系打斷，句子的整體性受到沖擊，從而影響了句子的理解。復雜復合從句中出現的插入語一般都是分詞形式或者介賓結構。翻譯時，一般多可以翻為狀語，有時也可以翻為定語。出現倒裝時，越短的句子越難。因為可以參考的信息很少。這種句子可以先把從句和先行詞用一個代詞替換，然后進行語序恢復。 背誦例句： 1．Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 譯文：許多專家認為：如果一個兒童在有許多刺激物的環境里長大，而這些刺激物能夠開發其相應的反映能力，那么這個兒童將會有得到更好的智力發展。 2．How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted. 譯文：這些預測在多大程度上會被后來的表現所證實，這取決于所采用信息的數量、可靠性和適宜性以及解釋這些信息的技能。 3．Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds. 譯文：部隊突然開了火，打死四人，還有一人受傷。后來此人也因傷勢過重死去。 4．The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure. 譯文：那個權力無上、財富無竭的國王，只有通過修筑長城來減輕自己對權力的厭倦和對歡樂的麻木。 5．Our hope for creative living in this world that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral standard. 我們希望富有創造性地生活在我們繼承的這個世界中，這種希望存在于我們重新建立道德標準的能力之中。 6．To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society. 在我們看來，成功者不管作為個人還是社會的一份子，他的真實表現都是可靠、靈敏、和真誠。 二、成分省略 語言有個節省性原則。成分省略，主要是為了避免重復。一般的成分省略多為主語省略和謂語省略。這種省略屬于語法省略。但考研中一般是語用省略，也就是說是為了某中具體的表達目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和從句相結合，一正一反，使句子變得富有變化和難于把握。但省略句也有一些出現頻率很高，因此需要熟記。 背誦例句： It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone. 譯文：即使我們適應了打電話這種看不見對方的交談方式，這種看不見也觸摸不到對方的對話還是讓人感到很不自在。 To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices. 譯文：對美國人來說，個人的自立就是指這個人在集體中完全獨立并且又能發揮作用。他有能力而且也愿意在做出自己的選擇。 In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their hunsband’s live, but, at any rate, after his death. 譯文：女人們從心底認為：掙錢是男人的事情，女人只管話花錢——可能的話丈夫在世時就花；不行的話，那就在丈夫去世后再花。 4．I can’t accept this fact because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either. 譯文：我可以接受這個事實，因為我明白如果我都不能避免出錯，那么其他的外科大夫出錯也就難免了。 5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.—and have. 譯文：憑借堅強的意志，人類能夠移山填海。而事實上人類已經做到。 6．The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died. 譯文：戰爭終于結束，但卻是在千萬人在戰爭中喪生之后才結束。 三、使用插入語 插入語，是因為分裂了句子的結構而得名的，所以，這個術語主要是從語法功能角度出發提出的，對語法形式沒有多大考慮。插入語一般是主謂結構或者介賓結構。使用插入語主要是為了調整語氣和增加補充信息，并且更主要目的是為了平衡句子結構，避免頭重腳輕。插入語是主謂結構，一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”這種格式，閱讀問題不大，翻譯時要提到句首。插入語是介賓結構也是如此處理。定語從句和分詞做定語時，如果是插在主謂結構之間也可以看作是插入語?？佳蟹g中出現最多的插入語是用破折號插入的新話題或者補充信息。這種插入標志很明顯，只是翻譯處理會有些棘手。另外，因為一些句子成分（一般是定語）過長而出現后置，也可看作是插入現象。只不過這種插入只是句子原有成分間的位子變化，沒有新增成分。 背誦例句： 1．Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 譯文：他們說，科學的進步與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于諸如改進的技術 和工具等更為普通的東西。 Those，unaware of what is happening in society today may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on. 譯文：那些人不了解當今社會發生的事情，所以發現現在的哲學家很少研究死亡和幸福之類的東西時會感到奇怪。 3.Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart. 譯文：大多數專家都從中看到一種矛盾，即從眾的欲望和試圖與眾不同的欲望之間的綿延不斷的沖突。. 4．Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done --is not being civilized. 譯文：即使善于驅使別人去為自己打仗，并且告訴他們怎樣打才最有效——這畢竟是征服者和將軍們干過的事——也不能稱其為文明行為。 5．Demonstrations are being staged in the town. where opposition is mounting to the construction of a nuclear waste storage plant near the river. 譯文：這個城市不斷發生示威游行，而且這種反對在河邊建造核廢料儲存廠的呼聲日高漲。 四、改變語序 改變語序，一般指倒裝。倒裝分為語法倒裝和修辭倒裝?？佳须y點一般在修辭倒裝。修辭倒裝主要是為了強調，一種是強調句子的表達重心，一種是強調一種表達語氣，比如命令語氣，假設語氣（虛擬語氣的倒裝屬于此類）疑問語氣和否定語氣。這些倒裝常和一些連詞或者副詞（如nor/so/only/never/until等）密切相關。下文所舉例子基本是從這個角度出發選擇出來的。 背誦例句： 1．So involved with the book do the boy become that his mother often have to force him to break. 譯文：那男孩對這本書如此著迷，以至于他的母親不得不總強迫他停下。 2．Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies. 譯文：除非研究提供證據表明這個節目有不良影響，否則電視節目的播放政策不會改變。 3．Lonely was seeing his son only once a month since the divorce. 譯文：離婚后，他每月只能看兒子一次。這使他感到孤獨。 4．Scientists do not know exactly how the virus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the natural antibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective. 譯文：科學家們迄今未能確定這種病毒破壞免疫系統的機理，他們也不明白旨在破壞這種病毒的天然抗體為什么無效。 5．And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity. 譯文：過去人們從來沒有這么堅信各國互利的國際合作機構是全球不可或缺的要素。 6．The material destruction of the war was not so great but that it could by this time have been repaired, had a good peace been made without delay. 譯文：假若當時立即恢復了和平，戰爭在物質方面的破壞無論怎樣大，到一也能夠得到修復了。 7．He wrote a novel, and no sooner did he have the synopsis of a story ,but he would invite a crowd of his friends outdoors and read it aloud to them. 譯文：他寫小說時剛剛構思出劇情輪廓就趕緊邀請一群朋友到野外，然后把劇情梗概大聲地念給他們聽。 第二部分 歷年考研英語長難句分析 英語考研試卷中，閱讀理解和翻譯共有50分，占到了全卷分數的半壁江山。毫不夸張地說，把這兩部分做好，在英語考試中取得理想的成績便不再是奢望。那么怎么樣才能做好這一部分的試題呢？關鍵要通過大量的練習，增強閱讀英文句子，尤其是其中長難句的能力。長難句一般是指結構復雜難以理解的句子，也有一些其實結構并不復雜，但因為句子很長也很容易讓人困惑。長難句出現不多，但是常常大大增加我們理解的難度，成為我們獲取高分的“攔路虎”。下面就近八年來（2003年除外）考研試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現的長難句都列出來，分析它們的結構，指出其中的考查難點，并對如何恰當翻譯它們給出建議，希望考生朋友能從中得到一些啟發。2003年試卷中的長難句， 這里就不分析了，留給大家?？紩r候自己分析，同時檢驗自己學習分析長難句的成果。 1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [句子主干] Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased … shareholders as a class, (which was) an element… [語法難點] 本句是典型的非限定性定語從句，難點在其主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結構限定，并且分句是由兩個and相連的3個部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個定語從句，一個是（which was）representing… ，另一個是(which was)detached…。 可見，定語從句的難點在于經常省略“引導詞+be”的結構，從而在理解上容易和分詞結構相混淆。 [句子翻譯] 對資本和企業的這種大規模的非個人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個階級的數量和重要性。這個階層作為國計民生的一部分，代表了非個人責任的財富與土地及土地所有者應盡義務的分離，而且也幾乎與責任管理相分離。 [翻譯技巧] 實際上定語從句并不符合漢語的使用習慣。所以翻譯時遇上定語從句，一定不要機械地按照原來的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長的情況，把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個階層”開始另起一句。 2．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [句子主干] Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who… [語法難點] 1）有并列從句。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個典型的定語從句結構，分句由who…,and who…兩個并列結構組成。注意like并不是謂語而是介詞短語作定語，真正的主句謂語是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名詞）”。 2）that of drawing dividends 結構中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指紅利，that of sth結構是名詞性的，that of sth相當于which is結構，目的都是修飾前面的名詞。注意后面還有attending…是省略了which were的定語從句，把of sth結構和定語從句交替使用是英語中長難句的慣用手法，目的是避免行文的單調，考生朋友們要注意分辨。 [句子翻譯] 像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市興起了，大批隱退的享樂階層人士靠自己的收入，在這里過著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒有聯系，只是分取紅利，偶爾參加股東會議，對管理人員發號施令。 [翻譯技巧] 同樣是為了避開定語從句，將主句和分句拆為兩句。要注意幾個短語的理解。 retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to與……有關系/up to 達到……的規模 3．Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. " [句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…” [語法難點]有省略。 1）like…分句是省略了who 的主語從句中的分句，considering…分句是現在分詞引導的狀語從句。這個狀語從句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般來說較長的狀語從句置于句尾，較短的置于句首，為的是使句子看上去顯得簡潔一些。 2）like分句中出現了比較多的省略，補全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英語中的從句之所以是難點就是因為大量地省略引導詞。 [句子翻譯] 羅博特·富爾頓曾經寫道，機械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍，像詩人對待字母表中的每個字母一樣，把它們作為自己的思路展示，每一個新組合都傳送一個新概念。 [翻譯技巧] 如果嚴格地翻譯，like分句應該譯為“像對待字母表中字母的詩人一樣”，原因是這個從句修飾的是機械工，應該用詩人來對應，但這樣一來，就不符合漢語的表達習慣了。 4．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. [句子主干] Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances… [語法難點] 主語是some of these causes，實際的主語就是some，不過謂語是單數還是復數則取決于of后面的成分是單數還是復數。being to…是定語從句的分句結構，意為“屬于”。 [句子翻譯] 在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求，另一些則是由于科學在一定程度上自我加速而產生的某些特定發展的必然結果。 [翻譯技巧] 這個翻譯比較簡單，注意being to的翻譯即可。 5．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. [句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that… [語法難點] 1）有套和從句。這個句子實際上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修飾和限定作用。在分析長難句時一定要注意找出句子的主干，關鍵是確定句子的主語和謂語，只有這樣才不會被眾多的修飾成分所迷惑。 2）When引導的是時間狀語從句。第一個that引導的是修飾conclusion的定語從句，第二個that引導的是修飾demands的定語從句，wants前省略了which，是引導的修飾a government的主語從句。 [句子翻譯] 這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰期間，當時一些國家的政府下了結論，認為：政府向科研機構提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預見的。 [翻譯技巧]此句中短語較多。 come to the conclusion形成某種結論/make of提出/in detail詳細地 6．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. [句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but… [語法難點]注意not…but句型，意為“不是……而是……” [句子翻譯] 給某些與當前目標無關但將來可能產生影響的科研提供支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。 [翻譯技巧] 嚴格說來，not…but結構應譯為“不是……而是……”，但這樣就顯得羅嗦，所以譯為“與……無關”，但（另一些有關）。a amount of指“數量達到……”。be related to指“與……有關”。 7．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. [句子主干] However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects [語法難點] so made指“如此構成”，so和后面的that構成so…that結構，意為“如此……以至于……”。 be…(un)able to指“可以（或不可以）……”。 [句子翻譯] 然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的體系無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。 [翻譯技巧] be so made that意為“如…構成”，不符合漢語表達習慣，所以譯為“就是如此”。 in principle 總的說來/deal with應付…… 8．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. [句子主干] New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to… [語法難點]有并列從句。 1)主語較為復雜，為并列結構，分別是new forms和new subjects，中間用as well as連接。 2）as在這里引導了一個介詞結構（as they have in the past），have的賓語省略了，其內容與本句主語一致。 3)giving rise to…分句為非限定性定語從句的從句，省略了which are。 [句子翻譯] 同過去一樣，將來必然會出現新的思維方式和新的思維對象，給完美以新的標準。 [翻譯技巧]as well as 和，以及/give rise to給……以機會 9．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. [句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without… [語法難點] 插入成分很多。此句實際上是個簡單句，其核心結構為Rights means…，只不過添加了諸多限制結構使句子看起來很復雜。”For Lolyd Nicks”為主句的狀語成分，“a 54－years old…cancer”為Lolyd Nicks的同位語。 [句子翻譯] 對于現年54歲居住在達爾文的的肺癌患者尼克遜來說，這個法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去，而無須終日擔心將要來臨的折磨：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。 [翻譯技巧] 同位語從句在漢語中很少出現，對同位語從句的處理就把它當作定語從句即可。如此句中就將同位語成分作為前置狀語成分的主語的修飾成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一樣恐懼”，表示非?？謶帧?SPAN lang=EN-US> 10．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. [句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except… [語法難點] 有省略現象。traveling不是現在分詞，而是引導修飾someone的定語從句。if引導的從句中均省略了“主語＋be動詞”的結構，這樣顯得句子簡潔。 [句子翻譯] 獨自旅行時，如果沒有了食物，受傷了或者生病了，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。 [翻譯技巧] 直譯的話，應該說人們“沒有其他地方，只有……”可得到幫助，但這樣寫的話顯得冗長而且費解，這里根據句意，譯為“只能向……求助”就比較準確了。“turn”的用法比較靈活，意思很多，這里依據上下文，譯為“向……求助”。 11．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. [句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive… [語法難點] 實際是簡單句。此句句子雖長，但是結構并不復雜，可以從冒號開始分為兩個部分。理解的時候要有意識地把兩部分分開，個個擊破。 in which引導了一個定語從句。該從句的分句謂語動詞是is而不是are，是因為在這個從句中主語是use，而不是substances，這一點要注意分辨。 [句子翻譯] 在我們生活的社會里，物質（藥品）被廣泛地運用于社交和醫療：服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼，喝酒來應酬，早晨和咖啡來提神，吸煙鎮定情緒等。 [翻譯技巧] 該句冒號以后的內容寫得很輕巧，很有文學性，我們翻譯的時候也不要強求字字照應，而應該也是比較靈活。如quiet不是“安靜”的意思，而是“鎮靜”的意思。 12．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. [句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by… [語法難點] 有并列從句和省略。With引導的是伴隨結構作狀語，修飾的是整個第一分句描述的狀態。and引導的分句省略了謂語動詞marked ，所以要注意其實該分句并不隸屬于第一分句，而是與之并列的結構。 [句子翻譯] 依賴的最初表現為耐受力增強，用量越來越大才能達到預期效果，一旦停用就會產生不舒服的癥狀。 [翻譯技巧] 有些同學遇上伴隨結構就不知道如何翻譯了，其實只要按照原來的語序順次翻譯就是。 13．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. [句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that… [語法難點] 該句沒有從句結構，而是由and連接的兩個并列成分構成。用would是因為表達了某人的主觀態度和意愿。 [句子翻譯] 但他也談到了創作自由與社會責任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將盡力對可能招致大眾反對的音樂制定各種發行和標識的標準 [翻譯技巧] 雖然沒有從句結構，但是由于句子太長，有眾多的修飾成分，所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。 14．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. [句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before [語法難點]有省略。 close to分句是非限定性定語從句，省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對全句的補充說明，是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并無定規。之所以用rising，是因為這里需要一個名次性的結構the inflation which was， 這樣顯得簡潔得多。 [句子翻譯] 七大工業國家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%，接近30年來最低水平，今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%，比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數低了很多。 [翻譯技巧] the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工業國。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。 15．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. [句子主干] Economists have been… surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have … [語法難點] 主句用現在完成時have been…是因為經濟學家長時間以來關注，現在也在關注，是一個從過去持續到現在的動作。Since引導的是表原因的狀語從句。 [句子翻譯] 特別讓經濟學家感到詫異的是，英美兩國的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結果，因為傳統的分析方法表明，兩國尤其是美國的經濟生產幾乎沒有出現滑坡。 [翻譯技巧] favorable表示的是“非常好的”，不是“非常喜歡的”，與個人取向沒有關系。productive slack是“生產滑坡”的意思。 16．Actually, it isn't, because it assumesthat there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethingthe world does not have. [句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is… [語法難點] 有套合從句。本句為主從復合句。主句很簡單，而because引導的原因狀語從句中，又有一個that引導的賓語從句。這個從句中，主語an agreed account of human rights由一個which引導的飛行定性定語從句修飾，而這個非限定性定語從句中又有一個限定性定語從句the world does not have來修飾something。 [句子翻譯] 事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權利有共同的認識為基礎的，而這種共同認識并不存在。 [翻譯技巧] agree為“約定的”意思，agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”，意譯為“共同的認識”。可見翻譯中一定要結合漢語的語言習慣靈活轉換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權記錄”。此外，將不定代詞具體化，也更符合漢語習慣。 17．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. [句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of… [語法難點] 該句仍為主從復合句That引導的賓語從句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當了補充語的角色。 [句子翻譯] 有些哲學家論證說，權利只存在社會契約中，是責任與利益相交換的一部分。 [翻譯技巧] 要正確選擇contract的詞義，不要譯成從此“收縮，縮小”Argue不要譯成“爭論”，而要靈活處理成“論證說”。 18．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. [句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with… [語法難點] 有并列從句和省略。冒號把句子分成兩部分，后一部分對前面部分作進一步解釋說明。前面部分是簡單句。后面部分是復合句。that引導的賓語從句中，主語是animals，謂語是should be treated，either… or…引導兩個介詞短語作狀語，either引導的介詞短語中，humans extend to other humans是一個省略引導詞that的定語從句。 [句子翻譯] 這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認為應這樣對待動物：要么像對人類自身一樣關切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。 [翻譯技巧] it 的所指要明確。leads thediscussion to extremes譯成“將討論引向兩個極端”，at the outset譯成“從一開始”。注意把被動句譯為主動句，更合乎漢語習慣。 19．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. [句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this… [語法難點] 有套和從句。逗號前面是一個現在分詞短語，作狀語，里面又有一個that從句作the view的同位語，逗號后面的that從句是一個賓語從句。 [句子翻譯] 這類人持極端看法，認為人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。 [翻譯技巧] in every relevant respect譯成“各相關方面”，不要把respect 譯成“尊重”；extremists為極端主義者；let outside the area of moral choice譯成“不在道德范圍內，不關乎道德”。 20．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. [句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be… [語法難點] 以冒號為界，將全句分成兩個復合句。前面的復合句里，時間狀語從句when that happens敘述的是前一句to see…的情形的出現。That修飾這種行為，主句表明這種行為并不錯。冒號后面的復合句解釋為什么。這里有一個that從句，作instinct的定語。 [句子翻譯] 這種反應并不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用，這種本能應得到鼓勵而不應遭到嘲弄。 [翻譯技巧] 將that，it等代詞具體化，使譯文表達明確；reasoning不能譯成“原因”，而應譯為“推理，推論”；in action不能譯成“在行動中”，而譯成“在起作用”，action在此是“作用，性能”的意思；翻譯被動語態時，使用“得到”，“遭到”等，使譯文流暢自然。 21．The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. [句子主干] The Aswan Dam, … stopped the Nile flooding…but… [語法難點] 有插入語。for example是個插入結構，不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…結構，是“如此……以至于”的意思。 [句子翻譯] 以阿斯旺大壩為例，它擋住了尼羅河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水沖積的肥沃土壤，換回來的卻是一個病態的大水庫?，F在水庫積滿泥沙，幾乎不能用于發電了。 [翻譯技巧]the Nile是尼羅河。All in return意思是“換回來的全部則是”。 22．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. [句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not … [語法難點] 有套和從句。the trouble is that…是表語從句結構。后一個that引導的是修飾rebound的定語從句。 [句子翻譯] 問題在于，近期的增長一定程度上是因為商業運作周期漲落的結果，因此還不能得出經濟已經呈現復蘇態勢這一結論。 [翻譯技巧] part of the recent acceleration不可譯為“一部分的最近的加速”，而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商業周期”。 23．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. [句子主干] New ways of … workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and… [語法難點] 有插入語。兩個破折號中間的成分為插入結構，可以視為括號里面的內容。Such as后面的內容是對many other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時候基本可以跳過不看，除非后面有細節題考查這里的內容。 [句子翻譯] 組織工作場所的新方法——包括機構重組和縮小規模——只是促進某個經濟實體的綜合生產率提高的一項措施，還有其他許多因素促進生產率的提高，比如對機械設備的聯合投資、采用新技術、對教育培訓投資等。 [翻譯技巧] all that譯為“這一切包括”。overall productivity譯為“綜合生產力水平”。Joint investment譯為“聯合投資”。Drive譯為“驅動”。 24．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. [句子主干] His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving… [語法難點] 有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定語從句。修飾的是前一分句的整體意思。without后面要跟現在分詞giving。 [句子翻譯] 他的同時邁克爾·比爾說，為數眾多的公司以簡單機械的方式進行機構重組，降低了成本，但卻未能充分考慮長期贏利。 [翻譯技巧] far too many譯為“太多的（比實際需要）”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion應譯為“以簡單機械的方式”。chop out譯為“削減”。 25. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University [句子主干] As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked…, notably… [語法難點] 有省略。as引導的是表原因的狀語成分。as表“因為”時只能放在句首。by后面的成分是舉例列舉的成分，和句子主題沒有什么聯系。閱讀的時候不妨跳過去，后面如果問到的話再回頭看不遲。 [句子翻譯] 由于科研經費減少，科學家推出幾本書來抨擊“反科學”傾向。其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亞大學生物學家保羅·R·格羅斯與拉特格斯大學數學家諾曼·萊維特合寫的《高級迷信》以及康奈爾大學的卡爾·薩根寫的《鬼怪世界》 [翻譯技巧] antiscience意思是“反科學”。Higher Superstition譯為“高級迷信”。attack是“攻擊”的意思。 26.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo. [句子主干]Defenders of science have also voiced…, and…, which assembled last June… [語法難點] 有省略。held in New York City in 1995是非限定性定語從句，省略了which was，修飾的是前面的the flight from science。 [句子翻譯] 科學捍衛者還通過各種會議上表達了他們的憂慮，比如1995年在紐約舉行的“飛離科學與理性”大會，去年6月在布法羅附近召開的“信息（迷信）時代的科學”大會等。 [翻譯技巧] defenders of science譯為“科學的捍衛者”。the flight from science and reason譯為“飛離科學和理性”。reason譯為“理性”。 27.This development and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead - has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting. [句子主干] This development…has enthroned the South … [語法難點] 有省略。ahead是補足語。有一系列詞如ahead，alive，alone都只能作補足語或表語而不能作定語。實際上在ahead前面加上which were的話，ahead就成了表語，句子意義則沒有任何變化。 [句子翻譯] 這一發展趨勢及其對今后美國政治經濟的重大影響使得南方首次成了美國人口普查史上人口最密集的地區。 [翻譯技巧] strong implications譯為“重大影響”。For the first time in the history指“歷史上第一次”。head counting譯為“人口普查”。 28.Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.。 [句子主干]Unlike…, they are not always found…that make up…; on the contrary, many of them… [語法難點] unlike…分句是狀語結構，修飾的是they（the world’s volcanoes）。該句結構其實并不復雜，因為on the contrary將句子分成清晰獨立的兩個部分。講一個閱讀時的小技巧，在看到on the contrary這樣表明邏輯順序的連詞時，就可以在閱讀時有所取舍。像on the contrary，必然強調的是后面的部分，所以之前的部分可以不看。 [句子翻譯] 與大多數火山不同的是，它們都不位于形成地球表面的巨大漂移板塊的連接處，許多反倒藏在板塊的深處。 [翻譯技巧] most of譯為“大多數”；drifting plate譯為“大陸板塊”；make up指“組成”。 29．But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look sin to the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. [句子主干] But even more important, it was…had been able to…, for what they were seeing were… [語法難點] 有套和從句。該句的總體結構是“主句＋for＋原因狀語從句”。主句是強調句，強調的內容是the farthest。在原因狀語從句中，“what they were seeing”是從句的主語，“that existed 15 billion years ago”為定語從句，修飾前面的“the patterns and structures”。 [句子翻譯] 但更為重要的是，這是科學家們所能觀測到的最遙遠的過去的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結構。 [翻譯技巧] pattern應當譯為“形狀，形態”，而不能譯為“模式，方式，圖案”。合理利用增字法，使譯文更加流暢。 30．The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. [句子主干] The existence…was…required for the Big Bang…to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. [語法難點] 有插入語。該句結構簡單，不過由于中間插入了一個過去分詞短語first put forward in the 1920s，修飾“Big Bang”，致使結構難辨。 [句子翻譯] 巨大的宇宙云的存在，實際上是使二十年代首創的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導地位所必不可少的。 [翻譯技巧] 該句翻譯的難點在詞匯。was required for 應該譯為“所必須的”，而不該譯成“是……的前提”。“virtually”應該譯為“實際上，事實上，實質上”。Big Bang是“大爆炸”的意思，指的是關于宇宙形成的一種學說。可見如果缺乏相應的知識背景，要準確地翻譯就會比較困難。 31. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. [句子主干]Astrophysicists…are closing in on such structures. And may report… [語法難點] 有并列從句。本句為and引導的并列句，兩個并列謂語分別是“are closing in on such structures”和“may report their findings soon”，它們的主語Astrophysicists后面有一個由分詞短語充當的定語“working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments”。 [句子翻譯] 天體物理學家使用南極陸基探測器及球載儀器，正越來越近地觀測這些云系，也許不久會報告他們的觀測結果。 [翻譯技巧] 本句翻譯的難點在于詞匯的正確理解和表達，“ground-based detectors”應該理解成“架設在地面上的探測儀”，“balloon-borne instruments”則意為“用氣球運載的儀器”，“are closing in on”原意為“從四面八方包圍上來，籠罩”，應該譯為“正越來越近地，越來越接近”，不應該譯為“密切注意，密切關注”，特別值得強調的是“structures”不要翻譯成“結構”，而要結合上下文譯成“云系，團狀物質”。32．If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. [句子主干]If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be…, a refinement of the … [語法難點] 有省略。該句是一個主從復合句，總體輪廓是“If+條件從句+主句”。在主句中，“a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory”是“yet another scientific idea”的同位語，其中“called the inflationary universe theory”是過去分詞短語，作“a refinement of the Big Bang”的定語。 [句子翻譯] 假如那些小熱點看上去同預計的一致，那就意味著又一科學論說的勝利，這種論說即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹說。 [翻譯技巧] 正確處理同位語短語是翻譯題中的難點之一。這主要是如何安排語序才更符合漢語表達習慣的問題。一般來說，若同位語成分較短，直接在插入位置翻譯即可。對于較長的同位語成分，一般應該處理成一個獨立的簡單句。refinement應該譯成“提煉，改進”，不要譯成“修正，精華，最新理論”等等。the inflationary universe theory應該譯成“宇宙膨脹理論”，不能譯成“宇宙流動理論”云云。 33．Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. [句子主干]Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is…, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for… [語法難點] 有倒裝。該句的結構是“though引導的狀語從句＋主句”，其中，讓步狀語從句又用了倒裝形式，正常語序應該是though it sounds odd，主句是由and 連接的兩個并列分句。 [句子翻譯] 宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學中一些公認的理論在科學上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學家七八年來一直認為這一論說是正確的。 [翻譯技巧] 從句中的it指代的是主句的主語cosmic inflation，按照漢語習慣，應在從句中先譯出來。而且漢語中盡量避免像英語中那么頻繁地使用人稱代詞。一般說來，將它所替代的實際內容翻譯出來為好。本句中的兩個it均指宇宙膨脹理論。scientifically plausible consequence應該譯為“在科學上令人信服的推論”，避免如下錯誤譯法“自豪的結果，相應的部分，稱道的結果”。for the better part of a decade= for more than half of a decade，實為“十年中的一大半”，故可譯為“七八年”。 34. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. [句子主干] While warnings are often appropriate and necessary…and many are required by…, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from… [語法難點] 有并列從句。該句的難點在于轉折狀語從句很長，使主句的主謂結構it isn’t clear that…較難發現。while分句是由and連接的兩個并列結構構成的，第一個并列成分中間還插有由兩個破折號包住的插入成分，即“the dangers of drug interactions, for example”。 [句子翻譯] 雖然警示語通常是合理和必要的，如有關藥物可能產生副作用可能產生危害的警示語，而且許多警示語是州和聯邦法律要求的。但是，如果消費者受到傷害，這些警示語能否使產銷商免于責任還很難說。 [翻譯技巧] 注意drug interactions應該譯為“藥物的副作用”。require應該譯為“要求”。由于句子已經很長，所以把主句和從句分開，用兩句話分別表達。 35. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. " [句子主干] At the same time, the American Law Institute…issued new guidelines for tort law stating that… [語法難點] “at the same time”是狀語成分，破折號內的成分是補充說明“the American Law Institute”，實際上如果沒有破折號，而用逗號分開就是句子的同位語成分。“tort law stating that…”這是賓語從句，后面的內容是“tort law”的內容。 [句子翻譯] 同時，美國法學會--該學會由一些舉足輕重的法官、律師和學者組成--宣布的新民事侵害法規定：公司沒有必要警告消費者顯而易見的危險，或者就可能產生的危險向他們提供一個長長的清單。 [翻譯技巧]“tort law”指“民事侵權法”，academics是指“學者”。 36．The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. [句子主干] The examples of…show that …with the right mix of… [語法難點] 本句為簡單句，但包含了不少并列的列舉成分，閱讀的時候要注意適當地跳躍。“with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will..”是狀語結構，修飾的是“a Website selling the right kind of products”,是對后者的補充說明。 [句子翻譯] Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com以及其他開拓者的例子表明：銷售對路產品的網站，加上互相合作、禮貌周到、安全可靠這幾方面恰倒好處地結合起來，同樣地也能吸引顧客。 [翻譯技巧] “with the right mix of”表示“把……好處結合起來”。“interactivity”“hospitality”“security”分別譯為“相互合作”，“熱情周到”，“安全可靠”。 37．But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. [句子主干] But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for…until…, it was widely accepted that… [語法難點] 有并列從句。該句是典型的主從復合句。從句成分出現在until引導的條件狀語從句和“widely accepted that…”后面的賓語從句。 [句子翻譯] 但是情況并不總是如此，在法律規定某個年齡的所有孩子必須在學校學習之前，人們普遍認為有些孩子本性上是不適合接受這種教育的。 [翻譯技巧] “this was not the case”是英語的常用用法，譯為“情況并非如此”。It was widely accepted that譯為“被普遍認為”。“equipped by nature pursue”應譯為“本性上不適于……”，不要譯為“不具有天生的品質”，這樣才更順暢。 38. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement . [句子主干] Banking on the confusion between…and…for bringing…into…, computer-ed advocates often emphasize … [語法難點] “banking on the confusion between…”是主句的狀語成分，注意其中的“between…and…”結構。“for bringing computers into schools”是表原因的狀語成分。 [句子翻譯] 一方面主張為普通教育而設立計算機課堂教學，另一方面是主張為職業的目的開展計算機教學，由于對以上兩種目的的混淆，計算機教育倡導者往往只強調計算機教育對就業前景的影響而忽視了教育成就。 [翻譯技巧] “Banking on the confusion between…”如果直接譯為“教育目標和職業目標存在爭論”就顯得不清晰，應該譯為“一方面……；另一方面……”。“computer-ed advocates”譯為“計算機教育倡導者”。 39．Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton on President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. [句子主干] Declaring that he was opposed to using this…to clone humans, he ordered that federal funes not be used for an xperiment… [語法難點] 有省略。declaring that…分句是主句的伴隨成分，主句的骨干結構是he ordered that…，如果不注意分辨就會迷惑。“be opposed to do-ing sth”表示“禁止做……”，注意to后面是跟現在分詞，而不是原形，這表示這個to是介詞。破折號之內的內容是對“an experiment”的補充說明。“and asked…”是與“he order…”并列的成分，表示兩個并列的動作。 [句子翻譯] 他宣稱他反對利用這種不同尋常的畜牧業技術去克隆人，并下令禁止使用聯邦基金做這種實驗，--盡管還沒有人提出要這樣做--他建議成立一個由普林斯頓大學校長哈法羅夏皮羅領導的獨立專家小組，在90天內就克隆人的國家政策問題提出建議并向白宮匯報。 [翻譯技巧] “federal funds”譯為“聯邦基金”。“an independent panel”譯為“獨立專家小組”。 40. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " [句子主干] In a draft preface…, discussed…, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found…would be… [語法難點] 有套和從句。該句是主從復合句，主句是“Shapiro suggested that…”,“discussed at the 17 May meeting”是非限定性定語從句，用來修飾主句。 [句子翻譯] 在5月17日開會討論的建議序言草稿中夏皮羅表示專家們已經取得廣泛的一直意見，認為“試圖用成人細胞核去克隆嬰兒是違背道德的。” [翻譯技巧] “a drift preface”可譯為“序言草稿”。“broad consensus”譯為“大致上的一致”，不能譯為“寬闊的一致，廣闊的一致”。 41. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. [句子主干] While…as there are historians , modern practice…conforms to one that sees…recreate and explain… [語法難點] 有套和從句。該句是復合句。while引導的是狀語從句，在這個狀語從句中又含一個由as…引導的從句；第一個as是程度副詞，第二個as是連詞，引導比較狀語從句。主句中that引導定語從句，修飾one，而one后的definition省略了。To create and explain都是不定式短語，用來修飾attempt。 [句子翻譯] 幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現代史學家的實踐最趨向于認為，歷史學是試圖重現過去的重大史實并對其作出解釋。 [翻譯技巧] while在此句中相當于although多放在句首。modern practice意為“現代實踐”，可引申為“現代史學家的實踐”。conform to是“符合于”的意思，轉譯成“趨向于……”。see…as…意為“把……看作……”。此外，recreate如譯為“再創造”，就與句子邏輯意思相反了，應譯為“再現”。 42. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. [句子主干] Interest in historical methods…through…challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discioline…more from.… [語法難點] 本句是簡單句。through引導的是轉折狀語從句。 [句子翻譯] 人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。 [翻譯技巧] 翻譯時一定要注意適當增詞或減詞。本句的主語interest in historical methods要根據上下文增詞，譯為“對歷史研究方法的興趣”，而不要譯為“對歷史方法的興趣”。英語interest是名詞“興趣”，可轉譯為“關注”。 43．During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. [句子主干] During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional…to interpret the new forms of evidence… [語法難點] 有省略。這是一個簡單句。Designed to是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾methodologies。 [句子翻譯] 在這種轉變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統的歷史研究方法。 [翻譯技巧] 句中augment作“充實、補充”解。Additional作“添加的，另外的”解。本句需要在準確理解各個短語的基礎上，按句子的語法結構和邏輯意思進行漢語表達，應作必要的詞義引申，增詞或減詞，以使譯文流暢順達。 44. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. [句子主干] There is no agreement whether…or…。 [語法難點] 這是一個復合句。whether…or…引導的名詞從句是agreement的同位語。在這個同位語從句中，methodologies后面跟著兩個并列謂語，即refers to…和appropriate to the …都是形容詞短語，分別修飾concepts和research techniques。 [句子翻譯] 所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域使用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。 [翻譯技巧] 在本句中technique是“方法、手段”的意思。inquiry意為“詢問、調查”。peculiar to historical work作“歷史研究中特別的”講，concept peculiar to historical work譯為“歷史研究中特有的概念”。 45．It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. [句子主干] It applies…to…equate their activity with specific techniques… [語法難點] 有套和從句。謂語動詞applies to帶有由and連接的兩個并列賓語，即traditional historians和social science historians。在這兩個并列賓語中，又分別有一個who引導的定語從句，分別修飾各自的historians。 [句子翻譯] 這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統派和歷史社科派；前者認為歷史就是史學界內部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。 [翻譯技巧] it指前面的fallacy，作“謬誤”解。Apply…to在這里是“涉及”、“和……有關系”的意思。equate…with…意為“把……和……等同”，activity在這里指“對歷史的研究”。equate their activity with specific techniques意為“將他們的研究活動等同于具體方法的研究”。 46．The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. [句子主干] The grand mediocrity of today…means that natural selection has lost… [語法難點] 該句是簡單句。means that引導的是賓語從句，講的是means的內容。 [句子翻譯] 當今最大的共同點--每個人的生存機會和子女數量都相同--意味著，與部落相比，自然選擇已經在印度中上階層失去80%的作用。 [翻譯技巧] the grand mediocrity應譯為“最大的共同點”；“natural selection”應譯為“自然選擇”；upper-middle class應譯為“中上階層”。 47．When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. [句子主干] When a new movement …attains…, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at…however for fetched and …may seem today, it is possible that … [語法難點] 這是一個復合句。when引導的是表原因的狀語從句。“What its advocates are aiming at”是賓語從句，說明的是“find out”的內容。“however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today”是插入成分，是對原來的“...are aiming at ,for ,it is possible that…”的補充。閱讀的時候，可以先把這種插入成分跳過，讀完主句明確了該句的主要的意思后，再讀插入的成分。 [句子翻譯] 當一種新的藝術傾向形成某種時尚時，可取的態度是弄清倡導者們的意圖何在，因為其主張在今天看來多么牽強附會、毫無道理，將來也有可能被認為是正確的。 [翻譯技巧] 有插入成分。對于較長的插入成分，可以放在句末，或者干脆另起一句。對于較短的插入成分，放在句中就完全可以了。還要注意一些詞匯的準確理解。movement不可譯為“動作，移動”，應該譯為“運動”。“It is advisable”應譯為“……可取的”不要生硬地譯為“……是被認為可以的”。 48．But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:` Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.' [句子主干] But it is a little upsetting to…that…which… [語法難點] 主句使用了強調結構，即“it is a little upsetting to … that a certain line…”這樣寫是為了強調對上句“Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.”的反駁。which引導的仍然是定語從句，先行詞是fight。此處的難點在于先行詞和從句距離很遠，中間還有一個“between…and…”結構“between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off”。 [句子翻譯] 但是，讀到描述戰斗的詩的某一句的注釋，則令人有點生厭。注釋中說該詩描寫了一個土耳其軍官和保加利亞軍官在一座橋上所發生的搏斗，后來兩人掉入河中。結果詩人把兩人落水的聲音和體重寫在了一起：撲！撲！一百八十五公斤！ [翻譯技巧] “it is a little upsetting to … that a certain line…”是強調結構，注意不要按照一般陳述句的語序翻譯成“有點令人厭煩對于有些注釋詞句”。因為強調句式使用了倒裝結構以突出某一部分，我們翻譯的時候要還原成原來的順序。應該譯為“讀到一句描寫戰斗的詩行的注釋，則令人有點生厭”。 49．Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next. [句子主干] Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw.., but now Japan has…, and young people don’t know… [語法難點] 分析句子的主干我們發現該句雖然是主從復合句，但大結構還是相當清晰。全句以but為界分為兩個部分，對比講述了兩代日本人的不同心態。所以句子即使很長，也不要慌，首先把句子結構看清楚，然后就可以各個擊破。 [句子翻譯] 十年前，年輕人勤奮工作，把工作視為生存的主要目的。然而現在日本的經濟需求已經在很大程度上得到了滿足，結果年輕人不知道下一步該干什么。 [翻譯技巧] “primary reason for being”應該譯為“生存的主要目的”being這個詞一般意思是“存在”，要注意活用。“largely fulfilled…”應該譯為“很大程度上滿足了……”，“large”和“largely”的意思有很大的不同，要注意分辨。 50．With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. [句子主干] With economic growth has…;…live in cities where…have been…in favor of… [語法難點] with引導的結構是伴隨狀語成分，補充“fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities…”。“have been abandoned in favor of…”是一個選擇句式，表達的是“放棄……因為要選擇……”的意思。 [句子翻譯] 隨著經濟的發展實現了居住的集中化。一億一千九百萬日本人中，足有76%的人居住在城里。在城里，社區和大家庭已經成為過去，取而代之的是獨門獨戶的兩代之家。 [翻譯技巧] 對于分數的表達，英語的習慣表達和漢語正好相反。英語是先說分子再說分母，漢語則先說分母，再說分子，這一點在翻譯時必須注意，要有意識地加以轉換。“fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens”應該譯為“一億一千九百萬日本人中，足有76％……”。 51．Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. [句子主干] Instead, we are treated to…, which now more than ever seem in ample supply:… [語法難點] 該句雖長，但是冒號后面的內容都是列舉的成分，主句在前面“we are treated to…”。“which now more than…”是非限定性定語從句，修飾的是前面的“fine hypocritical spectacles”。 [句子翻譯] 相反，我們現在看到了比以前任何時候都多的虛偽景觀：美國物欲主義批評家在南安普頓擁有避暑別墅；出版激進書刊的出版商到三星級賓館就餐；鼓吹分享民主的新聞記者把自己的孩子送進私立學校。 [翻譯技巧] “treated to…, which now more than ever seem in ample supply:…”如果生硬地譯為“現在的虛偽景觀比以前任何時候都有更豐富地展現”就顯得羅嗦冗長，應該譯為“比以前任何時候都多的虛偽景觀” 。“american materialism”應該譯為“美國物欲主義”。 52．Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. [句子主干] …this requires various measures of centralized control and…the help of socialized scientists such as… [語法難點] 這是一個簡單句。該句的謂語是requires，注意varying measures中的varying不過是由動詞變化而成的形容詞。such as后面是對specialized scientists的列舉。 [句子翻譯] 在現代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經濟學家和運籌學家等領域專家的協助。 [翻譯技巧] 本句比較簡單。需要注意的是require由兩個賓語。第2個賓語是the help。在翻譯時需要加上“獲得”二字。measure在這里是“程度，幅度，纖度”的意思。varying measures可譯成“程度不同”。 53．Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. [句子主干] it is obvious that…directly bound up with…in turn rests upon… [語法難點] 該句是一個復合句。It是形式主語，真正的主語是that后面的句子。兩個that引導的是兩個主語從句，由and連接。 [句子翻譯] 再者，顯而易見的是，一個國家的經濟實力與其工農業生產效率密切相關，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。 [翻譯技巧] be bound up with譯為“與……有關系”。in turn的意思是“轉而，反過來”。rest upon指“依靠，依賴”。this指的是前面提到的efficiency，翻譯的時候要注意重復一下。 54．Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. [句子主干] people…are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas ,while governments are forced to introduce still further innovations for… [語法難點] “are being exposed to new customs”用的是正在進行時的被動用法，強調的是現在的狀態。 [句子翻譯] 由于大眾通訊的顯著發展，所有的人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想，由于上述原因，各國政府不得不經常采取更進一步的革新措施。 [翻譯技巧] owing to 可譯為“由于”，mass communications可翻為“大眾通信”。Be exposed to可譯為“接觸”。翻譯時可將owing to引導的原因狀語去掉，將其后的賓語the remarkable development in mass communication譯成漢語的主語，在其后加上“使得”二字。while一詞表示“轉折”可省略不譯。 55．In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. [句子主干] the process of industrialization…was spread over nearly a century, whereas… a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. [語法難點] “with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed”在這里時附加成分，that followed作all the far-reaching changes in social patterns的定語。 [句子翻譯] 在先期實現工業化的歐洲國家里，其工業化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結構變革持續了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發展中國家在10年左右的時間內就可以完成同樣的過程。 [翻譯技巧] far-reaching表示“深遠的、深刻的”。spread over 表示“驗血、持續”。whereas表示“然而，卻”。with的意思時“跟……一起，伴隨”，這里譯成“以及”。 56. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. [句子主干] Additional social stresses may also occur because of … of problem arising from… [語法難點] 有省略。arising from…是定語從句，省略了which is。 [句子翻譯] 由于人口猛增或大量人口流動(現代交通工具使大量人口流動變得相對容易)所引起的各種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。 [翻譯技巧] arising…from“由……引起”，在句中作定語修飾problem。Additional social stresses不必逐字翻譯，可轉譯成“對社會造成新的壓力”。themselves指的是mass migration movement。因此括號里面譯成“使這種流動相對容易”。 57. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. [句子主干] …the word “amateur” does carry …that the person concerned is …and, in particular, may not … [語法難點] 有插入語。does在這里沒有實體意義，而是表示強調，所以句子的真正謂語是carry。that引導的是賓語從句，說明的是carry的內容。 [句子翻譯] 然而，“業余人員”一詞的確包含著這樣的意義：他并非科學界的一員，特別是，他不可能完全享用其實用價值。 [翻譯技巧] does沒有實體意義，如果一定要譯，也可以譯為“確實，的確”，但應該明確，does不是副詞，而是作為強調結構的特殊用法，所以和really，indeed是有本質不同的。amateur一般譯為“業余的”，這里考慮下文有person所以譯為“業余人員”。in particular譯為“特別是”。 58．The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. [句子主干] The trend was …obvious in those areas…, and can be illustrated in terms of… [語法難點] “based especially on a mathematical…”是定語從句，先行詞是science。 [句子翻譯] 這一趨勢在以數學或實驗室培訓為基礎的科學領域里自然表現得最為明顯。英國地質學的發展過程可以說明這一問題。 [翻譯技巧] mathematical or laboratory training譯為“數學或實驗室培訓”。in terms of可譯為“在……領域”。 59．Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. [句子主干]…this project has turned out to be…, combined with…about what in the world … [語法難點] 這是一個主從復合句。主句的主干是this project has turned out to be，從句是“combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want”。 [句子翻譯] 很遺憾，該項目在報道失實、拼寫和語法錯誤，以及這些讀者究竟需要什么等令人困惑的問題上的調查結果大部分相當膚淺。 [翻譯技巧] sad to say可譯為“很遺憾”。Turn out to be應該譯為“表現出來”但是一般不用譯出，直接譯出表現本身即可。Low-level findings譯為“相當膚淺的調查結果”。Head-scratching puzzlement譯為“令人困惑的問題”。 60. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. [句子主干] Replies show that compared with…are more likely to live in…, and…, and…,or… [語法難點] 有省略。這是一個簡單句。主干是replies show that …are more likely to live in…。compared with…是省略了不定式to be，用來對比more likely…的結構。 [句子翻譯] 結果表明，與其他美國人相比，記者更有可能住在質優價高的地段，更有可能擁有仆人、高級進口汽車及股票，而不大可能去做禮拜、當志愿者或在普通社區居住。 [翻譯技巧] upscale neighborhoods應譯為“優質價高的地段”。Mercedeses是指“奔馳--梅塞得斯”牌汽車。put down roots可譯為“定居”。 61. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer's demands. [句子主干]I believe that …are the same that…: ... [語法難點] 本句是一個嵌套賓語從句，不過也并不難理解。主句是I believe that，that后面是believe的內容。第二個賓語從句修飾的是same，即“the same that underlie the globalization process”。冒號的內容則進一步說明globalization process的內容。 [句子翻譯] 我認為引起這場合并浪潮的的最重要力量與導致全球一體化的力量是相同的：運輸通信費用下降；貿易與投資障礙減少；市場擴大。這一切都需要擴大業務往來滿足消費者的需求。這對消費者只會有利而不會有害。 [翻譯技巧] behind the massive M&A wave可譯為“引起全球合并浪潮”。Falling可譯為“減少的”。Globalization process譯為“全球化過程”。 62. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family". [句子主干] A lateral move that…promopted me to abandon…, I covered my exit by claiming… [語法難點] “that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress…”是定語從句，修飾的是“a lateral move”。“In the manner of a disgraced government minister”是插入的成分，修飾的是“abandon my relatively high profile career”的情況。注意后面的although，不是為了為下文提供轉折，而是修飾的“abandon…”一句，是后置的補充說明。 [句子翻譯] 一次評級調動傷害了我的自尊心，而且阻礙我業務上進步，這就促使我放棄我那相當注重形象的職業。然而我卻以一位大勢已去的政府部長的姿態，宣稱“我想多陪陪家人”，以此掩蓋我辭職的真正原因。[翻譯技巧]lateral譯為“橫向的，側面的”；prompt譯為“促使，驅使”；disgraced不要譯為“被羞辱的”，而是“大勢已去的”。 63．I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all",preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. [句子主干]I have been transformed from …, preached by …, into a … [語法難點] 分析句子的主干，層次是十分清楚的。“preached by…”是非限定性定語從句，說明的是philosophy的advocator。 [句子翻譯] 我已經從過去七年里琳達·凱爾西在《女性》雜志再三宣揚的“擁有一切”哲學的積極倡導者，轉化成一個對一切淺嘗則止就心滿意足的婦女。 [翻譯技巧] preach是“宣揚，極力鼓吹的”意思，這正好和a passionate advocate“熱情宣揚”相對應。having it all譯為“擁有一切”。settle for a bit of everything譯為“淺嘗輒止就心滿意足”。 64．There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. [句子主干] There will be television chat shows …, and cars with pollution monitors… [語法難點] 有并列從句。本句為包含定語從句的復合句。that從句修飾pollution monitors。That從句包含when引導的狀語從句。 [句子翻譯] 屆時，將出現由機器人主持的電視談話節目以及裝有污染監控器的汽車，一旦這些汽車排污超標(違規)，監控器就會使其停駛。 [翻譯技巧] 定語從句中that的先行詞為pollution monitor而不是cars。動詞offend根據上下文理解為“騎車排放超標”。 65．Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived. [句子主干] Children will play with dolls…, computers…will be regarded as workmates…, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. [語法難點] 有插入語。本句中equipped with personality chips是作定語的分詞短語，修飾dolls。 [句子翻譯] 兒童將與裝有個性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內置的計算機將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機前休閑，屆時數字化時代就來到了。 [翻譯技巧] computers with in-built personalities詞組中，in-built personalities為“內在的，內置的”含義，personalities為“人的性格”之意。根據常識，計算機能具有人的性格特征，肯定是制作時放入了某種裝置，所以，該詞組可靈活地翻譯為“具有個性內置的計算機”。 66．Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. [句子主干] Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers…to produce a …calendar that… [語法難點] 該句中，that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place 為calendar的定語，其中包括一個由when引導的時間定語從句，不要誤認為是狀語從句。 [句子翻譯] 皮爾森匯集世界各地數百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個獨特的技術千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數百項重大突破和發現的最遲日期。 [翻譯技巧] piece together譯為“匯集”；“millennium technology calendar”譯為“新技術千年歷”。 67．But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century. [句子主干] But that…is only the start of man-machine integration:…it will be the beginning of the long process of integration that…” [語法難點] 有插入語。that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century為定語從句修飾beginning。Pearson points out為插入語，插到了主表結構之間。 [句子翻譯] 皮爾森指出，這個突破僅僅是人機一體化的開始：它是人機一體化漫長之路的第一步，最終會使人們在下世紀末之前就研制出完全電子化的仿真人。 [翻譯技巧] man-machine integration譯為“人機一體化”。 68．And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. [句子主干]…home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout… [語法難點]that從句為結果狀語從句。Smart應根據上下文來翻譯。 [句子翻譯] 家用電器將會變得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它們會引發一種新的心理疾病--廚房狂燥癥。 [翻譯技巧]home appliances應譯為“家用電器”；smart譯為“智能化”。 69．And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. [句子主干] And thanks to…and…, there are already robot systems that…and… [語法難點] 本句是主從復合句。主句的主謂結構是“there are”，其余的都是修飾它的。 [句子翻譯] 由于電子元器件和微型機器的不斷小型化，已經出現了一些能做腦外科和骨外科手術的機器人系統，其精確度已經達到了亞毫米，就是技術再嫻熟的醫生也不可能僅僅用手就能做到。 [翻譯技巧] thanks to譯為“由于……”；micro-mechanics譯為“微型機器結構”；robot system譯為“機器人系統”。 70．One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. [句子主干] One more reason not to lose…, unlike the rises… it has not occurred against… [語法難點]有省略。not to lose…是定語從句，省略了which is。 [句子翻譯] 另一個不必擔心油價上漲的原因是，70年代油價上漲的背景是物價膨脹和全球需求過量，而這次這次油價上漲不同于70年代。 [翻譯技巧] lose sleep譯為“擔心”；general commodity-price inflation“總體物價膨脹”；“global excess demand”譯成“全球需求過量”。 71．Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.。 [句子主干] Although it ruled that there is…, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of… [語法難點] 有省略。a centuries-old moral…是非限定性定語從句，省略了which is。 [句子翻譯] 盡管最高法院認為，憲法并沒有賦予醫生幫助病人安樂死的權利，但是實踐中最高法院支持“雙重效果”的醫療原則。這個幾個世紀以來的醫療道德原則認為，如果一種行為具有雙重效果--既有醫治的良好效果又有可以預見的有害效果--為了達成良好效果，應當允許這一行為實施。[翻譯技巧]constitutional right譯為“憲法權利”；physician-assisted suicide譯為“安樂死”；double-effect譯為“雙重效果”。 72．One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.. [句子主干] One difficulty is that….to trace…to … [語法難點] 有套和從句。本句為帶有一個表語從句的主從復合句。 [句子翻譯] 難題之一在于所謂的行為科學幾乎全都依然從心態、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。 [翻譯技巧] trace…to可譯為“追溯到”，不過如果譯為“從……去找根源”就更符合漢語習慣。states of mind譯為“心態”；traits of character譯為“性格特征”。 73．The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. [句子主干] The behavioral sciences have been slow to change…because…seem to be …because… [語法難點] 本句為帶有兩個原因狀語從句的主從復合句。其結構為主句加兩個由because引導的并列狀語從句。 [句子翻譯] 行為科學之所以發展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。 [翻譯技巧] partly because…partly because為一組常見搭配。意思是“部分原因是……”。item一次相對比較難譯，常見的詞義是“項目，條目，條款”。此處根據上下聞，譯為“事項”最恰當不過了。 74．The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. [句子主干] The role of….was formulated…, and the selective role of…and…is only beginning to be… [語法難點] 此句為并列句。由并列連詞and連接。 [句子翻譯] 自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環境在塑造和保持個體行為時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認識和研究。 [翻譯技巧]natural selection譯為“自然選擇”。本句是一個嵌套賓語從句，不過也并不難理解。主句是I believe that，that后面是believe的內容。第二個賓語從句修飾的是same，即“the same that underlie the globalization process”。冒號的內容則進一步說明globalization process的內容。 [句子翻譯] 我認為引起這場合并浪潮的的最重要力量與導致全球一體化的力量是相同的：運輸通信費用下降；貿易與投資障礙減少；市場擴大。這一切都需要擴大業務往來滿足消費者的需求。這對消費者只會有利而不會有害。 [翻譯技巧] behind the massive M&A wave可譯為“引起全球合并浪潮”。Falling可譯為“減少的”。Globalization process譯為“全球化過程”。 75．They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. [句子主干]They are…, and they are…in which… is held responsible for.. [語法難點] 此句為復合句。在第二個并列句中，有in which引導的定語從句。 [句子翻譯] 自由和尊嚴(它們)是傳統理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個人對自己的行為負責并因其業績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。 [翻譯技巧] 首先確定they的指代關系，指前句子freedom和dignity。hold responsible for“為……負責”。be given credit for“因……而受稱贊”。 76．Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. [句子主干]Until .., a technology of behavior will… [語法難點]本句為主從復合句until引導的是時間狀語從句。 [句子翻譯] (如果)這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術手段就會繼續受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之受到排斥。 [翻譯技巧]until字面意思為“直到……為止”。此處應改譯才符合漢語表達方式，另外還省略了謂語動詞。 |
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